Note: "Historical" refers to the period before location-specific data was available (world electricity mix is used). "Assessed" refers to the period for which location-specific data was available. "Predicted" refers to the period between the last point for which location-specific data was available and the current date. More information can be found in the methodology section. GHG emissions are expressed in kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (KtCO₂e).

The estimates shown in the graph, dating back prior to The Merge, elucidate electricity consumption attributable to the consensus layer. While the Beacon chain was launched on 1 December 2020, data on the number of Beacon nodes was only available to us as of 12 December 2021, which also marks our first data point. Effective 6 March 2023, we have upgraded to the second iteration of the network monitoring tool that provides key data for our electricity consumption and GHG emissions estimates. The new version contained multiple improvements but also led to the discovery of a noticeably larger number of nodes, which resulted in a marked increase in electricity usage, and by extension GHG emissions, from that date.

Note: Monthly/yearly GHG emission figures are the sum of the daily figures for the respective period calculated using the best-guess estimate. The cumulative consumption is the sum of the daily figures since the start of the model on 12 December 2021. More information can be found in the methodology section. GHG emissions are expressed in kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (KtCO₂e).

The estimates shown in the graph, dating back prior to The Merge, elucidate electricity consumption attributable to the consensus layer. While the Beacon chain was launched on 1 December 2020, data on the number of Beacon nodes was only available to us as of 12 December 2021, which also marks our first data point. Effective 6 March 2023, we have upgraded to the second iteration of the network monitoring tool that provides key data for our electricity consumption and GHG emissions estimates. The new version contained multiple improvements but also led to the discovery of a noticeably larger number of nodes, which resulted in a marked increase in electricity usage, and by extension GHG emissions, from that date.

Note: The electricity consumption by source is based on a combination of annual data on electricity generation by source and daily data on the geolocational distribution of Ethereum nodes. More information can be found in the network analytics segment.

Note: As with electricity consumption by source, the model also provides an estimate of the average greenhouse gas emission intensity. Specified in terms of greenhouse gases emitted per kilowatt-hour (gCO₂e/kWh), the estimate indicates the environmental footprint of the average kilowatt-hour consumed by Ethereum nodes.

"Historical" refers to the period before location-specific data was available (world electricity mix is used). "Assessed" refers to the period for which location-specific data was available. "Predicted" refers to the period between the last point for which location-specific data was available and the current date. More information can be found in the methodology section.